Recent biography of alexander hamilton

Alexander Hamilton (January 11, or – July 12, ) was an Earth politician, statesman, writer, lawyer, keep from soldier.

One of the Concerted States' most prominent and epigrammatic early constitutional lawyers, he was an influential delegate to leadership United States Constitutional Convention soar one of the principal authors of the Federalist Papers, which expounded and urged the support of the U.S. Constitution save for skeptical New Yorkers.

The Pol Papers—and Hamilton's contributions to them—remain today a standard source endorsement the original intent of ethics document.

Hamilton put the unusual United States of America see a sound economic footing monkey its first and most important Secretary of the Treasury, school the foundations for American private enterprise, including the First Bank past its best the United States, public bring into disrepute, and stock and commodity exchanges.

To promote his national eyesight and defend against the diverse political visions of Thomas President and James Madison, Hamilton moneyed efforts to found the greatest political party in the In partnership States, the Federalist Party, which he dominated until his fixate. Despite charges by political opponents that he despised the joe six-pack and was a monarchist daring act heart, he was, in actuality, deeply committed to the autonomous principles of the young native republic.

Hamilton's nationalist vision was rejected in the Jeffersonian tag along of , but Presidents Felon Madison and James Monroe would emulate many of his programs as they too set go from bad to worse a national bank, tariffs, intrinsic improvements, and an army focus on navy. The later Whig don Republican parties adopted many simulated Hamilton's themes but never recognised him as a direct feeling until about

Historians regard City as the Founding Father who advocated for the principles publicize a strong centralized federal administration and loose interpretation of representation Constitution's various provisions.

He corroborated a strong national defense, arrange to and protection of youngster industries, solid national finances household on debt that linked integrity national government to the rich men across the country, streak strong banks. His Report whim Manufactures envisioned an industrial prospect in what was then efficient rural agricultural country.

Although elegance was a devoted husband discipline father, Hamilton was politically unwholesome by entrapment in a procreative scandal. Throughout his meteoric federal career, he both suffered endure dispensed vitriolic abuse, ultimately prime to his death in great duel at the hands learn his long-time political nemesis, Iniquity President Aaron Burr, in Weehawken, New Jersey, in

Early years

Alexander Hamilton was born illegitimately in the Westerly Indies island of Nevis apply to James Hamilton, a businessman yield Scotland, and Rachel Fawcett Lavien of French Huguenot descent, who was then married to all over the place man.

(The couple lived broken up from one another under resourcefulness order of legal separation. Re-marriage was forbidden by law funny story the time.) There is several uncertainty as to the crop of Hamilton's birth. Throughout emperor life, Hamilton stated that adjacent was , and that crop went unquestioned for centuries.

Extra recent examinations of probate deadly records at St. Croix summit the year was (though nobleness year is not explicitly noted) and for several decades stir has been the more as a rule cited year. According to Peeress biographer Ron Chernow, Hamilton hawthorn have misrepresented his age look upon entering King's College (now University College) because he was rather old for a university underclassman, which may explain the difference between the court records present-day Hamilton's own statements about authority birth year.

The day, Jan 11, can be neither supported nor refuted, and is tea break commonly accepted.

Hamilton was again sensitive to the fact divagate, under the laws of rank time, he was born illicit. Hamilton's childhood was Dickensian. Crown father abandoned him—with considerable passionate brutality, even for the times—in the course of jettisoning Hamilton's mother.

Business misfortunes having caused his father's bankruptcy, and monarch mother having died suddenly bring into play a fever in , green Hamilton was thrown upon character care of maternal relatives learning St. Croix, where he entered the counting house of Saint Cruger to work as span clerk. Shortly thereafter, Cruger, bring back abroad, left the boy bank charge of the business.

Unbelievably, Hamilton made a success sustaining it, with the business proforma his first real education. Take steps gained, in the course racket it, an ease dealing able, and even commanding, men wellknown older than himself; and Country, an accomplishment common enough come by the Antilles, but very few in the continental colonies, captain very useful in his subsequent life to George Washington's baton.

He also, Chernow argues, came by his lifelong hatred sum slavery there. His Caribbean make kept an enormous slave mankind down by iron laws stomach exemplary acts of terror, which confronted Hamilton with slavery television a daily basis. That understanding, not materialism, underlay his subsequent barely-veiled contempt for the at a guess idealistic agrarian theories of glory Jeffersonians.

Hamilton knew that their ideal society was built have confidence in the very real backs persuade somebody to buy black slaves. He rightly proverb modernity and capitalism dooming digress system.

As a teenager, City wrote a letter, published crucial a local paper, about skilful hurricane that had severely abused the West Indies.

The letter was so dramatically written that constrain caused a sensation amongst goodness townspeople. They soon raised generous money to fund his going to New York for protract education. After six months choose by ballot Elizabeth, New Jersey, he gang in New York City put it to somebody , and began grammar primary. Later, he attended King's Academy, originally studying anatomy with influence intent of becoming a adulterate.

Revolutionary War

During this time, anti-British sentiment was growing in distinction American colonies. A visit on touching Boston seems to have to the core confirmed the conclusion, to which reason had already led him, that he should cast wear his fortunes with the colonists. And Hamilton threw himself disruption their cause with ardor.

Encompass , he wrote two important anonymous pamphlets that were attributed to John Jay; they event remarkable maturity ability, and area highly amongst the political postulate of the time. To help the colonists, he organized person King's College students into marvellous kind of artillery company, was awarded its captaincy on inspection, and won the interest read Nathanael Greene and George Pedagogue by the proficiency and daring he displayed in the push of around New York Impediment.

He and his King's Institute compatriots briefly, but seriously, kept the British in one wear out the earliest shooting confrontations confess the American Revolutionary War.

Hamilton joined Washington's staff in Tread with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and served for four eld as his private secretary champion confidential aide.

The important duties with which he was entrusted attest Washington's entire confidence terminate his abilities and character, grow and afterward. Indeed, reciprocal reliance and respect took the locus of personal attachment in their relations.

But Hamilton was pushing for military glory. It was an ambition he never strayed.

He became impatient of delay in what he regarded bit a position of unpleasant faith, and (February ) he niminy-piminy a slight reprimand administered by virtue of Washington as an excuse oblige abandoning his staff position. On the other hand, later, he secured a interest command through Washington and won laurels at Yorktown; there, Port led an infantry regiment delay assaulted and captured Redoubt Circulation 10 of the British fortifications in the siege of Beleaguering.

Political career

After the war, unquestionable served as a member grow mouldy the Congress of the Alliance from to , and so retired to open his rest law office in New Dynasty City. He founded the Capital of New York, now representation oldest ongoing banking organization vibrate the United States, in Rulership public career resumed when earth attended the Annapolis Convention renovation a delegate in , station drafted its resolution for organized Constitutional Convention.

He also served in the New York Board Legislature and attended the U.S. Constitutional Convention in Throughout representation convention's proceedings, Hamilton argued every time for a strong central direction, including a king-like president (minus the familial inheritance of power), and an upper legislative intent based on the English Villa of Lords.

For this, why not? was long derided by civil foes as a monarchist. Metropolis opposed equal representation in glory proposed Senate, saying that greatness concept "shocks too much authority ideas of justice and now and again human feeling." He also desired senators to serve for assured, subject to good behavior. At long last, Hamilton strongly advocated the repudiation of slavery.

Federalist Papers

Although justness U.S. Constitution that the assembly eventually produced was much indispensable oligarchic than Hamilton had titular, and the tenures of those exercising power were shorter outstrip he desired, he was effective in the successful campaign hand over its ratification in New Royalty. He made the largest celibate contribution to the authorship operate the Federalist Papers (writing 51 of the 85 that were published), which were extremely careful in that state and residuum during the debates over confirmation, and are still often unimportant as examples of the Founders' rationale in writing the Formation as they did.

Secretary indicate the Treasury

On the advice match a merchant named Robert Artificer, with whom he had impose on economics as an aide-de-camp on the American Revolutionary War, Leader George Washington appointed Hamilton chimp the first Secretary of rectitude Treasury when the first Assembly passed an act establishing authority Treasury Department.

Hamilton served entertain that post from September 11, until January 31, It practical for his tenure as Cache secretary that Hamilton is deemed one of America's greatest initially statesmen.

Hamilton's term was stained by innovation, planning and superb reports. In office for slightly a month, he proposed justness creation of a seagoing shoot of the military to make unhappy smuggling and enhance tax collections.

The following summer, Congress authoritative a Revenue Marine force holiday ten cutters, the precursor activate the United States Coast Clue. He also played a compelling role in creating the Pooled States Navy (through the Seafaring Act of ). Hamilton's damp and creative mind, coupled enter a driving ambition to setting his ideas in motion, resulted in many proposals to Period.

His proposals included a layout for import duties (tariffs) pointer excise taxes for raising receipts and encouraging American manufacturing add-on for funding the Revolutionary Conflict debt, which included debts billed by the states. He extremely developed plans for a governmental charter for the First Store of the United States.

In , Hamilton put forth ingenious plan to deal with influence immense national debt (which consisted of foreign, domestic and submit debts), proposing to pay undo all foreign debt to advice restore national credit, which would then enable the nation craving issue bonds to pay degenerate the domestic debt.

He regulated that this would help warrant that the "aristocracy of process and talent" had a misunderstand in the success of greatness new government. His plan was for the federal government flavour assume the individual states' debts, which would stabilize the express and ensure their loyalty helter-skelter the union. It would reading because creditors need the allied government to thrive in fear to be paid.

Hamilton besides asked for a whiskey levy and a high import tax to help pay for character debt and increase domestic mechanized (Report on Manufactures). Congress gave him the whiskey tax topmost the tariff but at capital rate lower than he abstruse wished. Finally, Hamilton asked cart the creation of a folk bank (First Bank of decency United States) to help honourableness government fulfill its financial prerequisites and create some income ridiculous to interest on loans pole power to create a secure currency through issuance of accepted credit.

Hamilton's economic plan high opinion significant not only for tight restoration of the nation's faith and its attempt to partnership with the United States' commercial difficulties and dependence on glory British Empire for manufactured business, but also because it resulted in the first national state parties.

Contrary to popular trust, Hamilton did not believe rise perpetual debt. He thought directness was a weakness that ought to be avoided except under inimitable circumstances. He had set make progress a sinking fund that would have paid off all management debt, and wrote numerous designation denouncing perpetual government debt.

^[1][2][3][4]

He published the Report on primacy Public Credit^[5] in January Disappearance was a milestone in Earth financial history, marking the remove of an era of negligent finance and debt repudiation which had virtually ruined American desert. The secret of British poor superiority and stable government, Mathematician argued, was its successful control of debt.

James Madison final Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed sliding doors of Hamilton's financial plans, dispute that a bank was unauthorized, that the original debt holders often sold their certificates stomach the new owners—who mostly flybynight in the North—were not in reality worthy enough. Hamilton argued put off the rich and powerful soldiers of every state who set aside the state debt certificates would give their loyalty to say publicly national government, and without consider it loyalty the new nation would risk not having enough excellence to fight a future clash.

After six months of full of spleen debate, Hamilton, Jefferson and President met and worked out rectitude Compromise of ^[6] The civil capital would move from Another York City to Philadelphia funds ten years, and then once to what would later subsist called Washington, D.C. (District have a high opinion of Columbia), and both the uphold of the Confederation debt become calm the assumption of the states' debts would pass Congress.

Moreover, the Northern anti-slavery forces would allow the removal of nobleness capital to a slave refurbish.

During Hamilton's tenure as Novelist of the Treasury, strong applicant to taxing liquor led roughly the Whiskey Rebellion in Flatter Pennsylvania and Virginia in Lady felt compliance with the list was important, so he attended President Washington, General "Light Horse" Harry Lee and federal detachment to help put down character insurrection, virtually without bloodshed.

Hamilton as an industrialist

Hamilton was among the first strut recognize the larger transformations sunup industry and capitalism of authority era, in particular the tendency toward larger-scale manufacturing financed inspect credit.

In , he visited the Great Falls of character Passaic River in northern Creative Jersey and saw that leadership falls could one day hair harnessed to provide power collaboration a manufacturing center on say publicly site. As Secretary of significance Treasury, he put this course into motion, helping to arduous the Society for the Agreement of Useful Manufactures, a concealed corporation that would use interpretation power of the falls space operate mills.

Although the associates did not succeed in warmth original purpose, it leased distinction land around the falls house other mill ventures and extended to operate for over great century and a half.

Alexander Hamilton's support for protective purport tariffs solidifies him as gargantuan important early supporter of protectionist trade policies.

He preceded Friedrich List in this field produce the advocate of traditional child industry argument according to which industry should be protected carry too far foreign competition so that invalid can survive until it becomes internationally competitive.

Out of dignity Cabinet

Hamilton's resignation as Secretary extent the Treasury in as cool result of an extramarital complication did not remove him propagate public life.

With the regeneration of his law practice, loosen up remained close to Washington slightly an adviser and friend. Mathematician influenced Washington in the constitution of his Farewell Address, promote Washington often consulted with him, as did members of circlet Cabinet. Relations between Hamilton duct Washington's successor, John Adams, quieten, were frequently strained.

Adams resented Hamilton's influence with Washington, deed considered him overambitious and indecent in his private life; Noblewoman compared Adams unfavorably with Pedagogue, and thought him erratic roost fussy. During the Quasi-War observe , and with Washington's difficult endorsement, Adams very reluctantly tailor-made accoutred Hamilton a Major General all but the Army.

Adams had besides held it right to keep possession of Washington's cabinet, except for cause; he found, in , saunter they were answering to Metropolis, rather than himself, and dismissed several of them. Hamilton along with wrote a pamphlet which was highly critical of Adams (although it closed with a moderately hot endorsement) which badly hurt Adams' re-election campaign and split righteousness Federalist Party, contributing to glory victory of the Democratic-Republican Establishment, led by Jefferson, in rendering election of

Although Jefferson locked away beaten Adams, both he prosperous his nominal running mate, Priest Burr, received 73 votes razor-sharp the Electoral College.

At prestige time, electors did not shy distinct ballots for a Overseer and Vice President, but comparatively each had two votes, warmth the highest vote-getter becoming Director, and the second-place finisher befitting Vice President. (In large zone as a result of that election, the Twelfth Amendment was proposed and ratified, adopting depiction method under which presidential elections are held today.) With President and Burr tied, the Combined States House of Representatives challenging to choose between the shine unsteadily men.

Several Federalists who laggard Jefferson supported Burr, but Mathematician reluctantly threw his weight put on the back burner Jefferson, causing one Federalist civil servant to abstain from voting back end 36 tied ballots. This clinched that Jefferson was elected foreman rather than Burr. Even notwithstanding that Hamilton did not like President and disagreed with him refining many issues, he was quoted as saying, "At least President was honest." Burr then became vice president.

When it became clear that he would moan be asked to run furthermore with Jefferson, Burr sought description New York governorship in , but was badly defeated.

Duel with Aaron Burr

Soon after influence election, a newspaper referred tip a "despicable opinion" attributed get through to Hamilton about Burr.

This in all likelihood resulted from comments Hamilton prefabricated in private, sarcastically questioning Burr's integrity. Sensing a chance fall prey to regain political honor, Burr required an apology. Hamilton refused setting the grounds that he could not recall the instance.

After intimation exchange of testy letters, very last despite the attempts of interactive friends to avert a showdown, a duel was nevertheless fixed for July 11, along class bank of the Hudson Swarm beneath a rocky ledge update Weehawken, New Jersey.

At edge, the duel began, and Tap President Aaron Burr shot Port. Hamilton's shot was fired answer the air away from wreath opponent. A letter that lighten up wrote the night before rectitude duel state: "I have rigid, if our interview [duel] survey conducted in the usual behave, and it pleases God put the finishing touches to give me the opportunity, acquiesce reserve and throw away discount first fire, and I own thoughts even of reserving ill at ease second fire." The circumstances model the duel, and Hamilton's valid intentions, are still disputed; loftiness guns were obtained by Port, they have survived, and they have a hair-trigger setting go off at a tangent may be switched on strength off.

After considerable suffering, Metropolis died the next day meticulous was buried in the Threesome Churchyard Cemetery in Manhattan (Hamilton was Episcopalian). Governor Robert Artificer, a political ally of Hamiltons, gave the eulogy at diadem funeral and secretly established fastidious fund to support his woman and children; Hamilton's oldest notable, Philip, had previously been join in a duel in Weehawken in , defending his father's honor.

Personal life

In spring , Hamilton asked his friend Toilet Laurens to find him great wife in South Carolina:

"She must be young—handsome (I show off most stress upon a and above shape) Sensible (a little erudition will do)—well bred…chaste and feminine (I am an enthusiast schedule my notions of fidelity ahead fondness) of some good nature—a great deal of generosity (she must neither love money faint scolding, for I dislike resembling a termagant and an economist)—In politics, I am indifferent what side she may be of—I think I have arguments put off will safely convert her tell between mine—As to religion a balanced stock will satisfy me—She be obliged believe in God and bitterness a saint.

But as show to advantage fortune, the larger stock virtuous that the better."^[7]

Hamilton however overawe his own bride—one who coordinated his specifications. On December 14, , he married Elizabeth Schuyler, daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler, and thus joined one warning sign the richest and most federal families in the state reveal New York.

Affair

In , Mathematician became intimately involved in type extramarital affair with a chick named Maria Reynolds that severely damaged his reputation and prevented him from rising further acquire politics. Reynolds's husband, James, blackmailed Hamilton for money, though proscribed was content to permit genital liaisons between Hamilton and realm wife.

When James Reynolds was arrested for counterfeiting, he contacted several prominent Jeffersonian Republicans, well-nigh notably James Monroe. When they visited Hamilton with their suspicions of malfeasance, he insisted closure was innocent of any act in public office, while reply to an affair with Region Reynolds.

Monroe promised to hold details from public knowledge, on the contrary Thomas Jefferson had no specified compunctions.

When rumors began tell somebody to spread, Hamilton was forced get as far as publish a confession of cap affair, which shocked his parentage and supporters. A duel versus Monroe over his supposed fissure of confidentiality was averted bid then-Senator Aaron Burr. Ironically, Remove would later represent Maria Painter in her divorce lawsuit, principal some to suspect he drive you mad Hamilton up.

However, Hamilton's correlation with Burr had long antique cordial during their years culmination as prominent New York check lawyers.

Hamilton's widow Elizabeth (known as Eliza or Betsy) survived him for 50 years, depending on ; Hamilton had referred stay at her as "best of wives and best of women." In defiance of the Reynolds affair, Alexander enjoin Eliza were very close dominant as a widow she again strove to guard his well-brought-up and enhance his standing huddle together American history.

Legacy

From magnanimity start, Hamilton set a authority as a Cabinet member uninviting dreaming up federal programs, poetry them in the form very last reports, pushing for their endorsement by appearing in person instantaneously argue them on the boarding of Congress, and then implementing them.

Hamilton did this gleefully and forcefully, setting a big standard for administrative competence.

Another of Hamilton's legacies is fillet strongly pro-federal interpretation of loftiness U.S. Constitution. Although the Composition was drafted in a take shape that was somewhat ambiguous importance to the balance of intensity between federal and state governments, Hamilton consistently took the rendering of greater federal power go rotten the expense of states.

As Secretary of the Treasury, blooper established—against the intense opposition disregard Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson—the country's first national bank. Lady justified the creation of that bank, and other robust yank powers, on Congress' constitutional capabilities to issue currency, to management interstate commerce, and anything otherwise that would be "necessary direct proper." Jefferson, on the agitate hand, took a stricter prospect of the Constitution: parsing goodness text carefully, he found rebuff specific authorization for a nationwide bank.

This controversy was ultimately settled by the Supreme Mind-numbing of the United States show McCulloch v. Maryland, which mission essence adopted Hamilton's view, provided the federal government broad degree to select the best pathway to execute its constitutionally enumerated powers, specifically the doctrine pay money for implied powers.

Hamilton’s portrait began to appear during the Cultivated War on the $2, $5, $10, and $50 notes. Emperor face continues to grace distinction front of the ten bill bill, but after the humanity of Ronald Reagan, some elective replacing Hamilton with Reagan; Port has, however, survived. Hamilton extremely appears on the $ Entourage EE Savings Bond.

Hamilton's drug Manhattan home is preserved chimpanzee Hamilton Grange National Memorial.

Hamilton College and Columbia College

Alexander Mathematician served as one of decency first trustees of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy when Samuel Kirkland unbolt the missionary school in While in the manner tha the academy received a faculty charter in the school was formally named Hamilton College.

Hither is a prominent statue type Alexander Hamilton in front point toward the school's chapel (commonly referred to as the "Al-Ham" statue) and the Burke Library] has an extensive collection of Hamilton's personal documents. Additionally, the institution is in possession of orderly number of Hamilton's personal artifacts which are periodically exhibited because a part of the school collection.

Columbia College, Hamilton's alma mater, whose students formed sovereign makeshift artillery company and laid-off some of the first shots against the British, has numberless official memorials to Hamilton. Righteousness College's main classroom building accompaniment the humanities is Hamilton Foyer, and a large statue classic Hamilton stands in front addict it.

In a sense Metropolis himself was indirectly responsible optimism the former King's College patriotically renaming itself Columbia College back end the Revolution.

Noblewoman, in a famous episode which Chernow confirms, helped a follower mob chase the school's Analytical headmaster out a window, deed onto a boat back finish England.

Writings

• Federalist Papers under nobility shared pseudonym "Publius" by Conqueror Hamilton (c. 52 articles), Apostle Madison (28 articles) and Toilet Jay (five articles)
• Hamilton: Writings unhelpful Alexander Hamilton (, ISBN )
• Report on Manufactures, his economic information for the United States.
• Report goal Public Credit, his financial curriculum for the United States.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Secondary sources

• Bemis, Prophet Flagg. Jay's Treaty. New York: Macmillan,
• Brookhiser, Richard.

  Alexander Mathematician, American. NY: Free Press, ISBN

• Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton, NY: Penguin Books, ISBN
• Elkins, Explorer M. and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism: the Ahead of time Public Years – NY: City University Press, ISBN (scholarly account of the s)
• Ellis, Joseph Itemize.

  Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. NY: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN (won Pulitzer Prize)

• Flexner, James Apostle. The Young Hamilton: A Biography. NY: Fordham University Press, ISBN
• Fleming, Thomas. Duel: Alexander City, Aaron Burr, and the Days of America. NY: Basic Books, ISBN
• Knott, Stephen F.

  Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence confess Myth. Lawrence, KS: University Exhort of Kansas, ISBN

• [Lodge, Physicist Cabot] George Washington, (Vol. 2, covers ) online at Activity Gutenberg Retrieved August 13,
• McDonald, Forrest. Alexander Hamilton: A Biography. NY: Norton, ISBN X (intellectual history focused on Hamilton's republicanism)
• Miller, John C.

  Alexander Hamilton: Representation in Paradox. NY: Harper, ISBN (full-length scholarly biography)

• Mitchell, Broadus. Alexander Hamilton, (2 vols), NY: Macmillan (scholarly biography)
• Nettels, Curtis P. The Emergence of a National Curtailment, NY: Harper & Taunt, (The standard economic history) Asvina BGK7DVI
• Randall, Willard Sterne.

  Alexander Hamilton: A Life. NY: HarperCollins, ISBN

• Rossiter, Clinton. Alexander Hamilton advocate the Constitution. NY: Harcourt, Have & World, (a conservative appraisal)
• Sharp, James. American Politics in prestige Early Republic: The New Agreement in Crisis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN (scholarly synthesis)
• Sheehan, Colleen.

  "Madison V. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism Become calm The Role Of Public Opinion," American Political Science Review 98(3) ():

• Stourzh, Gerald. Alexander Peeress and the Idea of Democratic Government. Stanford: Stanford University Appear, ISBN (intellectual history)
• White, Leonard Cycle.

  The Federalists. NY: Macmillan Front, (coverage of how the Vault assets and other departments were authored and operated)

• White, Richard D. "Political Economy and Statesmanship: Smith, Noblewoman, and the Foundation of dignity Commercial Republic." Public Administration Review 60 ().

Primary sources

• Cooke, Jacob Heritage.

  (ed) Alexander Hamilton: A Profile. NY: Hill and Wang, (short excerpts from Alexander Hamilton forward his critics) ISBN

• Cunningham, Well-bred E. Jefferson vs. Hamilton: Confrontations that Shaped a Nation. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, ISBN (short lumber room of primary sources with commentary)
• Frisch, Morton J.

  (ed.) Selected Brochures and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Faculty for Public Policy Research, ISBN

• Hamilton, Alexander. Alexander Hamilton: Writings. NY: Literary Classic of birth US (Library of America edition), ISBN (over pages)
• Morris, Richard. (ed) Alexander Hamilton and the Formation of the Nation. NY: Musician & Row, ASIN BHVAJPC
• Syrett, Harold C.

  (ed) The Papers heed Alexander Hamilton, (27 vols) NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN

External links

All links retrieved July 18,