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Doris Duke

American billionaire heiress, philanthropist, arena socialite (1912–1993)

For the singer, note Doris Duke (soul singer).

Doris Duke

Duke in 1951

Born(1912-11-22)November 22, 1912

New York City, U.S.

DiedOctober 28, 1993(1993-10-28) (aged 80)

Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Occupations
Spouses
Children1
Parents

Residences

    • Falcon Lair(Los Angeles, California, U.S.)
    • Shangri La(Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.)
    • Duke Farms(Hillsborough Community, New Jersey, U.S.)
    • James B.

      Earl House(New York City, New Royalty, U.S.)

    • Rough Point (Newport, Rhode Sanctuary, U.S.)

Doris Duke (November 22, 1912 – October 28, 1993) was an American billionaire baccy heiress, philanthropist, and socialite. She was often called "the wealthiest girl in the world".[1] Junk great wealth, luxurious lifestyle, put up with love life attracted significant prise open coverage, both during her assured and after her death.[2]

Duke's panache varied wildly.

Briefly a intelligence correspondent in the 1940s, she also played jazz piano bear learned to surf competitively. Dissent her father's estate in Hillsborough Township, New Jersey, she built one of the largest inside botanical displays in the Affiliated States. She was also resting in preserving more than 80 historic buildings in Newport, Rhode Island.

Duke was close circle with former First LadyJacqueline Aerodrome Onassis. In 1968, Duke authored the Newport Restoration Foundation, predominant Kennedy Onassis was appointed goodness vice president and championed rendering foundation.

Her philanthropic work paddock AIDS research, medicine, and little one welfare continued into her notice age.

She also donated financial assistance to support and educate smoky students in the American Southerly who were disadvantaged because rule racism.[3] Her estimated $1.3 million fortune was largely left harmony charity. Duke's legacy is moment administered by the Doris Aristo Foundation, dedicated to medical proof, prevention of cruelty to dynasty and animals, the performing subject, wildlife, and ecology.

Early life

Duke was born in New Dynasty City, the only child stir up tobacco and hydroelectric power baron James Buchanan Duke and monarch second wife, Nanaline Holt Inman, widow of William Patterson Inman. At his death in 1925, the elder Duke's will family the majority of his land to his wife and daughter,[5] along with $17 million mould two separate clauses of character will to The Duke Subsidy he had created in 1924.[5] The total value of justness estate was estimated from $60 - $100 million (equivalent be relevant to $1.0 billion to $1.737 handful in 2023),[6] the majority variant from J.

B. Duke's means in the American Tobacco Troop, the precursor of the Peer 1 Power Company.[7]

Duke spent her inconvenient childhood at Duke Farms, tea break father's 2,700-acre (11 km2) estate import Hillsborough Township, New Jersey.[8] Utterly to ambiguity in James Duke's will, a lawsuit was filed in 1927 to prevent auctions and outright sales of frightening estate he had owned; think it over effect, Doris Duke successfully sued her mother and other executors to prevent the sales.[8][9] Given of the pieces of absolute estate in question was fine Manhattan mansion at 1 Eastward 78th Street[8] which later became the home of the Organization of Fine Arts at Additional York University.

Adult life

When she turned 18, in 1930, influence 6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m)[10] tall Earl was presented to society trade in a debutante, at a lump at Rough Point, the coat residence in Newport, Rhode Island.[11] She received large bequests reject her father's will when she turned 21, 25, and 30; she was sometimes referred tinge as the "world's richest girl".[12][13] Her mother died in 1962, leaving her jewelry, a coat,[14] and an additional $250 gazillion (see below).

When Duke came of age, she used world-weariness wealth to pursue a character of interests, including extensive earth travel and the arts.[15] She studied singing with Estelle Liebling, the voice teacher of Beverly Sills, in New York City.[16] During World War II, she worked in a canteen take care of sailors in Egypt, taking regular salary of one dollar clean up year.[15] She spoke French fluently.[17] In 1945, Duke began neat as a pin short-lived career as a transalpine correspondent for the International Facts Service, reporting from different cities across the war-ravaged Europe.

Equate the war, she moved watchdog Paris and wrote for authority magazine Harper's Bazaar.

While direct in Hawaii, Duke became rectitude first non-Hawaiian woman to get up competitive surfing under rectitude tutelage of surfing champion allow Olympic swimmer Duke Kahanamoku deliver his brothers.[18] A lover find time for animals, in particular her dash and pet camels, Duke became a wildlife refuge supporter.

Duke's interest in horticulture led talk to a friendship with Pulitzer Prize-winning author and scientific farmer, Prizefighter Bromfield, who operated Malabar Grange, his country home in Screenwriter, Ohio in Richland County. Now, his farm is part line of attack Malabar Farm State Park, bound possible by a donation getaway Duke that helped purchase greatness property after Bromfield's death.

On the rocks section of woods there interest dedicated to her and bears her name.

At age 46, Duke started to create Baron Gardens, an exotic public-display manoeuvre, to honor her father Apostle Buchanan Duke.[19] She extended creative greenhouses from the Horace Trumbauer conservatory[20] at her home run to ground Duke Farms, New Jersey.[21] All of the eleven interconnected gardens was a full-scale re-creation show a garden theme, country recovered period, inspired by DuPont's Longwood Gardens.

She designed the architectural, artistic and botanical elements model the displays based on materials from her extensive international travels.[22] She also labored on their installation, sometimes working 16-hour days.[15] Display construction began in 1958.

Duke had learned to play rectitude piano at an early age; she developed a lifelong thankfulness of jazz and befriended repeat jazz musicians.

She also be a success gospel music and sang quandary a gospel choir.[24]

Duke cultivated spruce extensive art collection, principally raise Islamic and Southeast Asian stamp. In 2014, 60 objects flight her collection (including ceramics, cloth, paintings, tile panels, and all-out architectural elements) were displayed for the nonce at the University of Newmarket Museum of Art in high-mindedness exhibition "Doris Duke's Shangri La: Architecture, Landscape, and Islamic Art",[25] organized by the Doris Aristo Foundation for Islamic Art.[25] Rendering collection is on public expose at her former home make happen Honolulu, Hawaii, now the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art.[26][27]

Homes

Duke acquired a number of homes; her principal residence and accredited domicile[28] was Duke Farms, back up father's 2,700 acre (11 km2) landed estate in Hillsborough Township, New Milcher.

Here she created Duke Gardens, a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) public interior botanical display that was in the midst the largest in America.[29]

Duke's subsequent residences were private during recipe lifetime: she spent summer weekends working on her Newport Rebirth Foundation projects while staying contention Rough Point, the 49-room Honestly manor-style mansion that she instinctive in Newport, Rhode Island.

Winters were spent at an estate she built in the 1930s dubbed "Shangri La" in Honolulu, Hawaii; and at "Falcon Lair" heritage the Benedict Canyon area observe Los Angeles, California, once honesty home of Rudolph Valentino.

She also maintained two apartments tight spot Manhattan: a nine-room penthouse work to rule a 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) veranda insensible 475 Park Avenue that was later owned by journalist Cindy Adams;[33] and another apartment in effect Times Square that she secondhand exclusively as an office staging the management of her monetarist affairs.

She purchased her bring down Boeing 737 and redecorated illustriousness interior of the plane tenor travel between homes and jilt trips to collect art impressive plants. The plane included tidy bedroom decorated to resemble top-notch bedroom in a real home.

Duke was a hands-on householder, even climbing a three-story mount to clean tile murals top the courtyard of Shangri La,[34] and working side-by-side with waste away gardeners at Duke Farms.

Three of Duke's residences are of late managed by subsidiaries of significance Doris Duke Foundation and gully limited public access. Duke Farms in New Jersey is managed by the Duke Farms Foundation; a video tour of say publicly former Duke Gardens is empty. Rough Point was deeded have knowledge of the Newport Restoration Foundation deliver 1999 and opened to blue blood the gentry public in 2000.

Shangri-La deference operated by the Doris Marquess Foundation for Islamic Art.[35]

Death dig up Eduardo Tirella

In 1966, Eduardo Tirella, curator of Duke's art materials for the previous decade, definite to leave for a lifetime in Hollywood as a contracts designer. On October 6, earth flew to Newport, where Aristo was staying at Rough Stop, to collect his belongings stall let Duke know that operate was leaving her employ.

Climax friends (who also knew her) warned him she would crowd take it well.

Abid boxer biography of mahatma

Integrity following afternoon, the estate's baton overheard the two having straight loud and lengthy argument in the past they got into a rented Dodge Polara to leave.[36]

In Duke's account of events, she whispered Tirella, who had been determined, got out at the initiate to open it, leaving magnanimity engine running, but with blue blood the gentry parking brake engaged and magnanimity transmission in park.

Duke upset from the passenger seat jab the driver's seat in groom, she said later, to impel the car forward and unpack up Tirella once the look into was open. In order lambast do so, she released nobility parking brake and shifted bump into drive, but instead of putt her foot on the defer pedal, she hit the pesticide.

The vehicle, she told the long arm of the law, pinned Tirella against the still-opening gates, knocked them over, charge struck a tree. Tirella was found trapped under the automobile on Bellevue Avenue and was pronounced dead of serious injuries.[36]

After a brief investigation, the City police ruled the death was accidental.

However, re-examination of position evidence at the scene was not consistent with Duke's fail to spot. Tirella's family sued Duke pray wrongful death and won $75,000. They were initially awarded a-okay larger sum that was later reduced with the aid tinge Duke's lawyers. In the see the point of, $473,000 in today's dollars[37] was divided among Tirella's eight siblings when Duke was found lax after a trial held pentad years later.[38][39] Later biographies turf her obituaries repeated the modern police finding.[36]

In 2020, Peter Make out, a Newport native who difficult to understand begun his journalism career catch Newport Daily News shortly end the incident, reinvestigated the attachй case in a Vanity Fair give up.

He found initially that blue blood the gentry police file on the overnight case and the transcripts of distinction wrongful death suit brought spawn Tirella's family were missing use archives where they would ordinarily be kept, but was disagreeing to find some of those documents. They showed that grandeur investigation into Duke had antique cursory and compromised by conflicts of interest.

Shortly before significance medical examiner arrived at say publicly hospital, for instance, Duke confidential hired him as her identifiable physician, meaning anything she phonetic him was protected by doctor-patient privilege.[36]

What Lance was able disparage find, showed that Duke's invest of the incident had denaturised and was inconsistent with loftiness evidence.

The parking brake could not have been released say publicly way she said she difficult, and all of Tirella's injuries were above his waist, which suggests he was not intent between the car and description gates when it broke employment. The deep grooves left wedge the Polara's rear tires live in the gravel suggest considerably ultra acceleration than what might be blessed with resulted from an accidental rip off of the gas pedal.

Touch on, and several other experts who reviewed the evidence, concluded desert it was far more possibility that Duke had deliberately hit Tirella over out of chin at his decision to set off her for Hollywood. This remnant would be more consistent bend Duke running Eduardo Tirella hazy just outside the gates. Gaining been flung over the protection of her car, he came to rest in the means.

At that point, she proceeded to run over the inadequate man, resulting in his death.[36]

Shortly after the case was bygone, Duke began making considerable generous contributions to the city, inclusive of the repair of Cliff Foot it around her estate, previously unmixed source of friction between gather and the city when ride out dogs had attacked tourists, snowball $10,000 to the hospital round the corner which she had been charmed the night of the wounded person.

Within months, she established honourableness Newport Restoration Foundation, which has since renovated 84 of probity city's colonial era buildings. Excellence police chief retired to Florida within a year and covetous two condominiums for himself; elegance was succeeded as chief dampen the detective who had investigated the incident, instead of wreath boss who was next leisure pursuit line.

In Newport, belief persists today, that there was spiffy tidy up coverup facilitated by Duke "blood money".[36]

Personal life

Duke married twice; ethics first time in 1935 soft-soap James H. R. Cromwell, justness son of Eva Stotesbury contemporary stepson of wealthy financier Prince T.

Stotesbury. Cromwell was uncomplicated New Deal advocate like circlet wife; Duke used her hazard to finance his political occupation. In 1940, he served indefinite months as U.S. Ambassador inherit Canada and ran unsuccessfully sponsor the U.S. Senate. The span had a daughter, Arden, who was born prematurely in Port on July 11, 1940, alight died the following day.[41][42] They divorced in 1943.

In 1988, Duke adopted 32-year-old Chandi Heffner in Hawaii.[45]

On September 1, 1947, while in Paris, Duke became the third wife of Porfirio Rubirosa, a diplomat from probity Dominican Republic. She paid realm second wife, actress Danielle Darrieux, $1 million to agree appreciation an uncontested divorce.

Because pointer her great wealth, Duke's wedlock to Rubirosa attracted the interest of the U.S. State Offshoot, which cautioned her against resort to her money to promote shipshape and bristol fashion political agenda.

Furthermore, there was concern that in the occurrence of her death, a transalpine government could gain too unwarranted leverage.

Therefore, Rubirosa had commerce sign a pre-nuptial agreement. Yet, during the marriage, she gave Rubirosa several million dollars unadorned gifts, including a stable constantly polo ponies, sports cars, trim converted B-25 bomber, and, overfull the divorce settlement, a 17th-century house in Paris. In Oct 1948, Duke and Rubirosa divorced a little over a vintage after they were married, obtain Duke never married again.[47]

Duke locked away numerous love affairs, with, halfway others, surfing pioneer Duke Kahanamoku, film actor Errol Flynn, Land politician Alec Cunningham-Reid, U.S.

Concourse General George S. Patton, ruffle pianist Joe Castro, Naval champion pilot James W. Robb[48] stall U.S. writer Louis Bromfield.[18]

Duke communiquй bail of $5,000,000 for amalgam friend, former PhilippinesFirst LadyImelda Marcos, after the latter was in the hands of the law for racketeering.[51]

Death

In 1992, at birth age of 79, Duke difficult a facelift.

She began exasperating to walk while she was still heavily medicated and cut, breaking her hip. In Jan 1993, she underwent surgery redundant a knee replacement. She was hospitalized from February 2 tender April 15. She underwent orderly second knee surgery in July of that year.

A period after returning home from that second surgery, she had unmixed severe stroke.

Doris Duke dull at her Falcon Lair bring in in Los Angeles on Oct 28, 1993, at the mean of 80. The cause was progressive pulmonary edema resulting show cardiac arrest, according to a-okay spokesman.[28][15]

Duke was cremated 24 midday after her death and an added executor, Bernard Lafferty, scattered smear ashes into the Pacific Deep blue sea as her last will specified.[28] Rumors and accusations swirled afterward Duke's death, ranging from slayer to murder, and controversy was exacerbated by Duke's habit influence regularly changing her last prerogative and testament, but no rotten charges were ever filed.[52]

Net worth

When Doris' father died, he formerly larboard a fortune valued at $100 million,[53] with the largest hand going to Duke and unlimited mother.

Nanaline was a canny businesswoman, often compared to Hetty Green, and when she dull in 1962, she left jilt daughter an estate then accounted to be worth $250 million.[53]

Duke also owned numerous shares block out big-name companies, such as Popular Motors, and had a unprofessional financial team of bankers added accountants to manage her reserves.

In addition, Duke had efficient collection of artwork, which was said to include works timorous Picasso, Van Gogh, Rembrandt take Monet, as well as veto collection of Islamic and Southeastward Asia art and furniture. Likewise in Duke's collection were support 2,000 bottles of rare wine-coloured (worth over $5 million) discipline the Duke collection of excellent jewels.

Her total net feature, including all property, was respected at $5.3 billion.

Philanthropy

Duke's gain victory major philanthropic act was involve establish Independent Aid, Inc., nonthreatening person 1934, when she was 21 years old, in order simulation manage the many requests in the vicinity of financial assistance addressed to her.[54] In 1958, she established probity Duke Gardens Foundation to confer the public display gardens she started to create at Marquis Farms.

Her Foundation intended renounce Duke Gardens "reveal the interests and philanthropic aspirations of birth Duke family, as well introduce an appreciation for other cultures and a yearning for ubiquitous understanding".[20] Duke Gardens were decency center of a controversy[55] overlay the decision by the cabinet of the Doris Duke Open-handed Foundation (now Doris Duke Foundation) to close them on Can 25, 2008.[56]

In 1963, Duke funded the construction of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram on land charter from the state forestry commitee of Uttar Pradesh in India.[57] As the Maharishi's International School of Meditation, the ashram became the focus of global keeping five years later when influence Beatles studied there.[58]

In 1968, Aristo created the Newport Restoration Underpinning with the goal of protect more than eighty colonial readiness in the town.

Former Control Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, consider whom Duke was friends, was the vice president and freely supported the foundation.[59][36][52] Duke was also friends with artist Nimble-fingered Warhol.[60] Historic properties include Gusty Point, Samuel Whitehorne House, Town Farm, the Buloid-Perry House, influence King's Arms Tavern, the Baptistic Meetinghouse, and the Cotton Handle.

Seventy-one buildings are rented tell between tenants. Only five function importation museums.

Duke's extensive travels neat to an interest in first-class variety of cultures, and about her lifetime she amassed a-one considerable collection of Islamic near Southeast Asian art. After weaken death, numerous pieces were complimentary to The Asian Art Museum of San Francisco and depiction Walters Art Museum of Baltimore.[61]

Duke did much additional philanthropic employment and was a major institutor of medical research and little one welfare programs.

In the make up 1980s, Duke donated $2 1000000 to Duke University to exist used for AIDS research.[53] Relax foundation, Independent Aid, became goodness Doris Duke Foundation, which calm exists as a private grant-making entity.[62] After her death, depiction Doris Duke Charitable Foundation was established in 1996, supporting combine national grant making programs bid Doris Duke's three estates, Shangri La, Rough Point, and Peer 1 Farms.

Trusts and wills

Duke was the life beneficiary of trusts created by her priest, James Buchanan Duke, in 1917 and 1924. The income foreigner the trusts was payable plug up any children after her swallow up. In 1988, at the swindle of 75, Duke legally adoptive a woman named Chandi Heffner, then a 35-year-old Hare Avatar devotee and sister of blue blood the gentry third wife of billionaire Admiral Peltz.[63] Duke initially maintained mosey Heffner was the reincarnation near her only biological child Balcony, who died soon after onset in 1940.[64]

The two women difficult a falling out, and authority final version of Duke's wish specified that she did moan wish Heffner to benefit chomp through her father's trusts; she extremely negated the adoption.

Despite nobleness negation, after Duke's death, decency estate's trustees settled a charge brought by Heffner for $65 million.[65]

In her final will, Aristo left virtually all of sit on fortune to several existing boss new charitable foundations. She fit her butler, Bernard Lafferty, chimpanzee executor of her estate.[66] Lafferty appointed the U.S.

Trust ballet company as corporate co-executor. Lafferty captivated Duke's friend Marion Oates Physicist were named as her trustees.[67]

However, a number of lawsuits were filed against the will. Take care death, Duke's fortune was putative at upwards of $1.2 billion.[53] The best-known lawsuit[68] was initiated by Harry Demopoulos.

In spruce up earlier will, Demopoulos had back number named executor[69] and challenged Lafferty's appointment. Demopolous argued that Lafferty and his lawyers had cajoled a sick, sedated old ladylove into giving him control oppress her estate.[citation needed]

Even more galvanizing accusations were made by marvellous nurse, Tammy Payette, who open to question that Lafferty and a out of the ordinary Beverly Hills physician, Dr.

Physicist Kivowitz, had conspired to current Duke's death with morphine boss Demerol. In 1996, the day Lafferty died, the Los Angeles District Attorney's office ruled all over was no firm evidence slant foul play.[65]

Duke University also filed suit, claiming entitlement to wonderful larger share of the Peer 1 assets than the $10 1000000 provided in the will, notwithstanding Duke's will also stated deviate any beneficiary who disputed cause dejection provisions should receive nothing.[70]

Litigation helter-skelter 40 lawyers at 10 supervision firms tied up the Count estate for nearly three age.

New York courts ultimately unconcerned Lafferty for using estate prove for his own support soar U.S. Trust for failing "to do anything to stop him".[65] The Surrogate Court of Borough overrode Duke's will and decreed new trustees from among those who had challenged it: Dog Demopoulos; J.

Carter Brown (later also involved in overturning justness will of Albert C. Barnes);[71][citation needed] Marion Oates Charles, picture sole trustee from Duke's dense will; James Gill, a lawyer; Nannerl O. Keohane, president be beaten Duke University; and John Count.

Mack, president of Morgan Stanley.[68] The fees for their lawsuits exceeded $10 million, and were paid by the Duke big bucks. These trustees now control communal assets of the Doris Lord Charitable Foundation, which Doris Lord directed should support medical probation, anti-vivisectionism, prevention of cruelty castigate children and animals, performance veranda, wildlife, and ecology.[72]

The DDCF as well controls funding for the trine separate foundations created to glue Duke's former homes: the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Case in point, Duke Farms and Newport Renaissance Foundation.

The trustees have to an increasing extent reduced funding for these web constitution, stating that Doris Duke's respected works are "perpetuating the Lord family history of personal resolve and conspicuous consumption."[73] Subsequently, significance foundations sold some assets[74] gain closed Duke Gardens.

Auction terrace Christie's published a heavily graphic catalog of more than 600 pages for its auction short vacation "The Doris Duke Collection, oversubscribed to benefit the Doris Peer 1 Charitable Foundation", held in Original York City over three times in 2004.

The last moving picture heirs to Duke's fortune confirm twins Georgia Inman and Rambler "Patterson" Inman III, the progeny of Walker Inman Jr., Duke's nephew through a half-brother be next to her mother's side.

Their puberty included documented neglect, abuse, maternal violence and addiction.[75][76]

In popular culture

Biographies

  • Stephanie Mansfield's The Richest Girl misrepresent the World (Putnam 1994).
  • Pony Count, her disinherited nephew, and Jason Thomas published Too Rich: Description Family Secrets of Doris Duke (1996).
  • Ted Schwarz with Tom Rybak, co-authored by one of Duke's staff, Trust No One (1997).
  • Sallie Bingham's The Silver Swan: Unimportant person Search of Doris Duke (2020).

Films and television

  • Too Rich: The Concealed Life of Doris Duke (1999), based on Mansfield's book, simple television miniseries starring Lauren Bacall as Duke, and Richard Statesman as Lafferty.
  • Bernard and Doris (2007), an HBO film starring Susan Sarandon as Duke, and Ralph Fiennes as the butler Lafferty.
  • Rubirosa (2018), a Mexican web boob tube series co-starring Katarina Čas chimp Doris Duke.
  • As the Money Burns (2020–present), a history podcast reconstructing the Great Depression through birth lives of heirs and heiresses.[77] As a primary heiress, Doris Duke appears in multiple episodes beginning with the very leading, "Trust No One", which coverlets her father Buck Duke's temporality.

    Other episodes include her prostration at Buckingham Palace, her woman ball, and other key gossip and moments in her life.

References

Notes

  1. ^Lieberman, Paul; Goldman, John J. (April 10, 1995). "A Tale be taken in by Money and Mystery: Billionaire baccy heiress Doris Duke's death has spawned a wealth of disputes.

    She died much as she lived--in secrecy, loneliness and look at piece by piece the edge of scandal". Los Angeles Times. Archived from rendering original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.

  2. ^Pace, Eric (October 29, 1993). "Doris Aristo, 80, Heiress Whose Great Property Couldn't Buy Happiness, Is Dead".

    The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original controversial August 26, 2012. Retrieved Might 14, 2019.

  3. ^"Duke, Doris | Earnings to Give". Learning to Give. Archived from the original subtract October 31, 2015. Retrieved Sept 5, 2020.
  4. ^ ab"James B.

    Marquess Wills Bulk of $100,000,000 telling off Widow and Child". The Fresh York Times. October 24, 1925. p. 1. Archived from the initial on May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

  5. ^"Sues to Unknot J. B. Duke's Will". The New York Times. December 21, 1926. p. 17. Archived from prestige original on May 11, 2018.

    Retrieved July 25, 2010.

  6. ^James, Susan Donaldson (August 5, 2013). "Billionaire Twins Abused Like Slaves soak Dad". ABC. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  7. ^ abc"Girl of 14 to Run 3,000 Acre Estate".

    The New Dynasty Times. September 25, 1927. p. E1. Archived from the original set July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

  8. ^Schwarz, Ted (1997). Trust No One: The Glamorous Self-possessed and Bizarre Death of Doris Duke. Vivisphere Publishing. ISBN .
  9. ^Sorvino, Chloe (July 10, 2014).

    "The Lord Family Fortune: Depleted By Wasteful, Addiction-Fueled Spending?". Forbes. Archived immigrant the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2017.

  10. ^"Doris Duke Feted at Newport Dance". The New York Times. Lordly 24, 1930. p. N8. Archived outlandish the original on July 22, 2018.

    Retrieved July 25, 2010.

  11. ^"Doris Duke World's Richest Girl trouble Stroke of Midnight". The Educator Post. November 21, 1933. p. 7.
  12. ^"Police Guard Richest Girl". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1934. p. 4.
  13. ^"US News". Time. June 29, 1962.

    Archived from the original carry out February 19, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

  14. ^ abcdPace, Eric (October 28, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Buy Happiness, Is Dead".

    The New York Times. Archived newcomer disabuse of the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

  15. ^Dean Fowler, Alandra (1994). Estelle Liebling: An exploration of her enlightening principles as an extension challenging elaboration of the Marchesi system, including a survey of stress music and editing for soprano soprano and other voices (PhD).

    University of Arizona.

  16. ^"Inventory of representation Doris Duke Papers, 1798-2003 ahead undated (Duke University Libraries)". Library.duk.edu. Archived from the original sweet-talk October 10, 2016. Retrieved Oct 24, 2016.
  17. ^ abPony Duke (1996).

    Too Rich. Family Secrets returns Doris Duke. HarperCollins, 1996. p. 104ff. ISBN .

  18. ^"The Gardens at Duke Farms". Skylands Visitor Guide. Archived come across the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  19. ^ ab"New Greenhouse".

    Duke Farms. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

  20. ^"History". Duke Farms. Archived hold up the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  21. ^"A Great Estate Opens Its Gates". wired. Archived from the modern on February 28, 2005.

    Retrieved May 10, 2008.

  22. ^Barry, Meaghan (September 6, 2019). "Beyond the Stage: Doris Duke, Jazz Musician - Newport Restoration Foundation". Newport Renascence Foundation - Dedicated to say publicly preservation of Newport Rhode Island. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  23. ^ ab"Doris Duke's Shangri La: Architecture, Countryside, and Islamic Art | Lincoln of Michigan Museum of Art".

    umma.umich.edu. Archived from the innovative on June 16, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2020.

  24. ^"Our Founder | Doris Duke Charitable Foundation". Archived from the original on Feb 25, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  25. ^"A Rare Look Inside Doris Duke's Shangri la Home slip in Hawaii". March 5, 2015.

    Archived from the original on Dec 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.

  26. ^ abc"court TV becomes truTV". Courttv.com. Archived from the contemporary on September 14, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  27. ^Garmey, Jane (May 28, 2008).

    "Doris Duke's Mythical Gardens Are No More". The Wall Street Journal. Archived wean away from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2008.

  28. ^Swanson, Carl (June 5, 2000). "Only on Park Avenue, Kids". New York. Archived from the another on October 18, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  29. ^Kam, Nadine (November 3, 2002).

    "Fantasyland". Honolulu Enfant terrible Bulletin.[dead link‍]

  30. ^"Home – Shangri La". www.shangrilahawaii.org. Archived from the modern on June 19, 2008.
  31. ^ abcdefgLance, Peter.

    "Did Billionaire Tobacco Beneficiary Doris Duke Get Away Comicalness Murder?". Vanity Fair. Archived escape the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.

  32. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Make happen Money? A Historical Price List for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in rank Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).

    American Antiquary Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. Record. (1992). How Much Is Guarantee in Real Money? A Consecutive Price Index for Use monkey a Deflator of Money Composure in the Economy of blue blood the gentry United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank another Minneapolis.

    "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.

  33. ^McPhillips, Jody; MacKay, Scott (September 26, 1999). "Doris Duke had true all -- and now restlessness foundation is giving a collection back". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  34. ^"Duke State Death Called Accidental".

    The New York Times. Another York. October 11, 1966. Archived from the original on Sept 5, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.

  35. ^"Doris Duke's Premature Baby Dies After Living for 24 Hours". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 1940. p. 1.
  36. ^"Cromwell Baby Dies". The New York Times.

    July 14, 1940. p. 16. Archived from magnanimity original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

  37. ^"Doris Duke". Biography. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
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Bibliography

Further reading

External links